The thyroid is a small gland in the front of the neck that makes hormones helping to control many of the body’s vital functions, including metabolism, heart rate, temperature and energy levels.

A thyroid disorder means the thyroid is not producing the right amount of hormone - too little (hypothyroidism) or too much (hyperthyroidism).Sometimes, there may also be structural problems such as nodules or swelling (goitre).

Thyroid conditions are quite common and can affect anyone, though they are more frequent in women and with increasing age. With appropriate treatment and regular monitoring, most people live well with thyroid disorders.

Because thyroid hormones affect nearly every part of the body, symptoms can be varied:

Common causes include:

• Autoimmune disease:
  – Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (underactive)
  – Graves’ disease (overactive)

• Iodine imbalance – too much or too little in the diet

• Thyroid nodules or goitre

• Thyroid inflammation (thyroiditis)

• Certain medications or radiation exposure

• Genetic factors

• Pregnancy/postpartum thyroiditis

• Pituitary or hypothalamic disorders (less common)

Treatment depends on the type and severity of the thyroid condition. The aim is to restore normal hormone levels and manage symptoms.

• Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid):
  Usually managed with thyroid hormone replacement to bring hormone levels back to normal. Regular blood tests are used to monitor levels and adjust treatment if needed.

• Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid):
  Managed by reducing thyroid activity or controlling symptoms. Options can include medication to slow hormone production, treatments to reduce thyroid function, or medicines to ease symptoms such as a fast heartbeat.

• Goitre or thyroid nodules:
  Swelling or lumps in the thyroid may not always need active treatment. Monitoring with examination, blood tests, or scans may be advised, and referral to a specialist can be arranged if needed.

Your GP or endocrinologist will review your results, discuss the available options, and agree on a plan that suits your situation. Regular follow-up helps ensure thyroid levels remain stable and symptoms are well controlled.

You can support your thyroid health by:

• Eating a balanced diet (with enough but not excessive iodine)

• Exercising regularly, as tolerated

• Avoiding smoking

• Limiting alcohol intake

• Managing stress and getting good sleep

• Taking medication consistently as prescribed

• Attending regular blood tests to monitor hormone levels (TSH, T4, sometimes T3)

We recommend regular check-ups to make sure your treatment remains effective and safe.

At your review, we may:

1. Check your blood tests – TSH and free T4, occasionally T3

2. Examine your neck – for any swelling or nodules

3. Discuss your symptoms – and any side effects of medication

4. Review your medication – to ensure dosage remains appropriate

5. Assess wellbeing – including weight, mood, and general health

• Keep track of any new or changing symptoms.

• Bring a list of your medicines and supplements to appointments.

• Do not alter medication doses without advice from your GP.

• Inform your GP if you are pregnant or planning pregnancy.

There are several further sources of information and support available if you would like to learn more about thyroid conditions and how to manage them. You can find more details, advice and guidance at the following places:

• General information about thyroid disorders - Thyroid RefHelp

• Overactive/ Underactive thyroid - Overactive Thyroid Underactive Thyroid

• Support for people living with thyroid conditions - Thyroid Support Group

• Book your blood tests and annual review at the Practice - Book Now

If you are unsure about any information you find online, please speak to one of our GPs, practice nurses or pharmacists for advice that is specific to you.